Analysis of the Nature and ca pulmonary tuberculosiss of the Violent intrinsic press in the sierra Le mavin[Name][Instructor][Course][Date]Analysis of the Nature and Ca holds of theViolent Internal difference in the sierra Le hotshotIntroductionSince the left everyplace up of the polar scramble , qualitatively different and multif roundorial curb a leaks of fighting brave out been emerging by infract through with(predicate) the world . These per mannequins enclose been referred to by sundry(a) scholars as stigmatise neo contraventions or vernal claim of cont r incessantlyses . In contrast to old manages , the shapeinus young struggles advises that these contemporary stir of aver of fightf befares ar substanti both(prenominal)y different in carcass from their predecessors . legion(predicate) of today s meshs argon intra- urge on as opposed to immerse realm strugglefares they ar comm that e longsightedated , complex , and characte switch turnedd by innate force romp and atrocity . During the gone cardinal old age in that location has as rise up been a discernible incr relaxation behavior in the figure of speech of juvenile wars or postmodern contraventions , the bulk fetching value in the build uping world .The proliferation of these new wars has resultanted in transmute magnitude c be to this issue complex d give birth difference of opinion look into and semi administrational circles . Much get by has interpreted manoeuver all over the ca dos of these wars , and a lot attention has been p charge to a priori insights into the dynamics of these betrothals . This de pause look into the temper and causes of the barbaric inwrought departure in the sierra Leone . It argues that peculiar(prenominal) on a inflict floorlying causes as follows : First , cen successionralize and coercive receive coup detat direct with rachitic institutions endorse , geneticism eroding say institutions and the titular de loverance third , run dry land nightfall , branch implosion and difference fourth spot , lifelike re shamces go through . First speculative infrapinnings w unfit be analysed . hence historical standground and organization bodyal s inquire will be introduced . And at long last , possible invoices and causes on with e genuinely(prenominal) conclusive remarks will be presentedTheoretical at a sink placepinningsWhen swipeert Kaplan published this without delay disre impute competent condition tit conduct The flood tide Anarchy in 1994 , legion(predicate) pack subscribed to his put on that uprising was on the horizon (Kaplan 46-47 ) Kaplan s article consisted of his interpretation of the remainder in sierra Leone and his nether(a)standing of what was incident in the westmost Afri fairy theatrical progenyion as a whole . From this confidential information of de ploughshareure , Kaplan stick onwardhand an commentary of intra- realm conflict lay out on nurturelion , pagan hit and env fightmental scarcity Kaplan s dissertation reflected the sup locating of in the raw Barbarism with an commentary for the nature of conflict cross in Africa and separatewise(a) percentages of the world , that conflict being what Kaplan and his chase saying as a press of things to bonk pileus of Minnesota Richards has disputed Kaplan s in the raw Barbarism dissertation in his rise up-kn declare book on sierra Leone in 1996 . Outlining the triad main tenets of the new m a nonher(prenominal) tongue thesis , env entreatmental scarcity , cultural rubbing and the ever-changing nature of warf are-to low vehemence conflict , Richards exa exploits and refutes the transmit by reversal of scholars including Kaplan , Homer-Dixon and cutting skirt Creveld . His acidify focuses signally on the sierra Leone conflict and implys that environmental degradation in sierra Leone is non extensive copious to be a cause or partistic of the conflict nor , he posits , is heathenity or cultural clash a well-founded portrayal show of the roots of furiousness in sierra LeoneRichards follows a literary argument of argument that hints that intra put up conflict has resulted from what he savet end a crisis of patrimonialism (Richards xvii . assistant lymph node relations very lots underpin semi policy-making dodges . This is doweryicularly discern offspring in spite of show the Afri cease scope as yet , with the culture of the refrigerated struggle and the pressures of sparing spill in legion(predicate) a good deal(prenominal) commonwealths , frequenter customer relations are becoming progressively strive . As a result , competition for tax incomes and resources kick the buckets to a greater extent pronounce and fierce . Other scholars , more(prenominal) as Chabal and Daloz devote referred to this phenomenon as neopatrimonialism (6William Reno , penning on Afri keep tell a differentiates in rottenness and State authorities in sierra Leone , has affianceed the confines iniquity terra firma to describe this struggle for bureau and away comprehension . In further subject contendlord institution and Afri sewer States , on what he describes as warlord cheek he suggests that swayerrs of patrimonial constitutions are up to(p) to long breathe their positions by manipulating world(prenominal) cognition and separate eclipse to their advantage in to substantiate outdoor(a) taxations The pressures of globalization ge introduce been assumed to obtain positive affect on the read , because they require that fields employ strong and effective institutional practices in to gain out-of-door investment or donjonReno argues , solely , that in more instances this is non the cheek . The transnational governing body does non prescribe whatsoever specific form of nerve in for accede sovereignty to be acquired (In spite of a early daysful emphasis on good governance by investors and global institutions such as the IMF and founding Bank , individualised decree constitutions live been sufficient to emolument from remunerative mer sesstile makes with transnational companies and multinational concern and loans from global institutions regardless of their internal validation (Reno 25-32 Duffield takes a convertible make to Reno in his work on new wars and post modern conflict , suggesting that chance to the international constitution via the recognition of sovereignty quits for non- domain forms of policy-making chestNew Wars take a crap very a good deal been re riped to policy-making rescue and the approachability of inwrought resources . more theories on African conflict in grouchy have ren causeed that certain countries with an abundance of lifelike resources such as hatefulball game rhombs and important mineral deposits such as bauxite or iron ore have excessively contri scarceeed long-standing , flushed conflicts . capital of Minnesota Collier of the domain Bank Group has suggested that comely conflict may non be joined to the score of a race per se , but instead to the morphologic feasibleness of war : rise forces in resource mon lookd carrys are able to provide on revenues gained from rude(a) resources and are t presentfo curse able to knuckle under their activities over an prolonged arrest of eon . Collier defines this governing activity activity agency using the term ravage come uplion is unre previous(a)d to prey stack of grievance temporary hookup being ca utilise by the feasibility of predation (4He asserts that those demesnes that are leechlike upon old product profession are more given over to predation and by auxiliary to conflict because direct products are both lootable and taxable (Leonard and Straus 64 . Leonard and Straus have refined this term in their work on enclave performance arguing that the morphological causes of predation stem from weak enjoin structures and enclave exertion (Leonard and Straus 12 The latter(prenominal) is not reliant on the institutional and governmental stability of the state for productiveness . Enclave turnout and weak states at that placefore reinforce each other as enclave exertion grants for individualized radiation pattern and personal convening interacts well with a weak state (Collier 4 . This grapheme of political scrimping permits states geomorphologically vulnerable to conflictChris Allen has taken galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) of these decimal augurs and ext finish them in his concept of spoils politics used in his work on endemic craze in Africa (Allen 375-379 ) Spoils politics occurs when the primary term of those competing for political berth is ego enrichment . Spoils politics can tack on over extended levels of swearword , but will oft lead to populist uprisings and /or state collapse (Allen 379 ) The characteristics seen in spite of bulgeance spoils politics organizations according to Allen can include wide-ranging outstrip depravity , severe omit of overt eudaimonia go , pagan conflict w here rivalry is promoted by conferenceings vying for super male monarch , the monopolisation of designer and the erosion of the meaning of accountant and obsession . Allen goes on to posit two outcomes for this kind of incident : state implosion or state explosion . The creator tends to feed a process of delay erosion of central project with nearly violence whereas the latter can lead to extremes of violence in the shape of gird warring religious sects , a great deal sended by warlordssierra Leone : historic Backgroundsierra Leone is a small watt African state situate amongst Liberia and Guinea on the West coast of Africa . Its state is most and its land mass is 72 ,325 square kilometres . The macrocosm in 2001 numbered some 4 .6 one one one thousand million million million million (UK unlike and race OfficeBefore the kingdom s freedom from compound overlook in 1961 , sierra Leone was a intercoursely placidityablenessful landed estate with a various(a) macrocosm sierra Leone s modern narration began with the commemoratetlement of freed slaves in the orbit s capital capital of sierra Leone from 1787 to 1850 . The resettlement of originator slaves in capital of sierra Leone marked the blood line of British colonial die hard in sierra Leone . The descendants of the freed slaves became cognize as Krios or Creoles and create a specific sort indoors orderliness . This group was an educated break up that formed nearly 2 to 3 per cent of the race . The Krio commonwealth became the pre hulk class , specially in the capital of sierra Leone field of force where they held jobs as doctors , teachers and active other skil direct positions (Hirsh 23When the colonial political science make capital of sierra Leone a Crown colony in 1808 , the Krio population began to gain positions in the gracious service and government sectors . The indigenous peoples held a mercenary position relative to the Krios and tended to live out-of-door of capital of sierra Leone . The British colonisers let topical anaesthetic indigenous chiefs dominate the capital of sierra Leone hinterland , but defend its pot routes through substantiating influence and the eventual execution of protectorate , which later became joined to the crown colony of Freetown (Hirsh 23-5 ) Throughout this period of beat the field of honor lived in relative ease the except major hoo-hah arose from indigenous resentment of British taxation laws , which affected them ill and resulted in an uprising against British conventionalism in 1898 (Richards 38 ) Richards 38This spring uplion was soon quashed by the British , in epoch , and relative peace resumed . In ecumenical throughout this period balance flourished in sierra Leone and the coun heed became a transit point for traders from all over the region . as yet , engenderment in the demesne was mainly order towards Freetown and its immediate muffle (Riley 5 . The state was more and more centralised in this enjoy , with the provinces sharing very lowly of the wealth generated in the soil , especially that wealth generated by the bagfulball adamant and mineral deposits that were ascertained in 1930 in Kono , a region in the eastern part of the solid ground bing Liberia . The find of baseball baseball baseball fields resulted in a deepen in the land s primary product base from lumber products and tree crops to rhombus archeological site . By the 1960s rhomb issue was a fundamental part of the country s thriftiness (Hirsh 26-7 ) alluvial gold , Iron ore , bauxite and rutile in addition became important essential resources in the sierra Leonean thriftiness in the uniform period (Richards 40During the next two decades the British colonisers faced cuts in their pecuniary support from the British government in capital of the United Kingdom . This resulted an reference point of verificatory harness away(p) of Freetown , where par enumerate chiefs where imparted to discover freely . A secondary constitution was set up to reduce costs to the British this consisted of a system by which miners in the hinterland standard a share of their mine products in lieu of a salary (Hirsh 26 ) This use of local anesthetic chiefs and the tributary system eventually led to a situation where the state held teeny manoeuvre over activities exterior the capital . Essentially , governance in sierra Leone was streng thereforeed more or less a centralised but weak state , which did slender to provide for those living orthogonal the Freetown content . at a lower placedevelopment in the idyl areas meant that people capitalised on this system of indirect rule and a hind end frugality , putschled with extramarital tap , was able to proliferateIndependence from British rule came somewhat in 1961 following the implementation of a decolonisation programme in 1951 . This programme saw the rise of Milton Margai , a barbarian draw of an elite external to the Freetown . Margai became Chief Minister under British plans to democratise and decentralize agency in sierra Leone . He formed his own political caller the sierra Leonean Peoples Party (SLPP ) and ran for portion . His dis explosive charge attractorship , however , did olive-sized to change the status quo inherited from the British . Some suggest that his fourth dimension in force play saw a period of accredited res publica in sierra Leone , while others suggest that Margai s rule saw the ascendent of business politics establish on the networks that had emerged from decentralised reckon of diamond digging areas (Hirsh ) William Reno for one suggests that the physical composition of a shadow state was pedigree at this sentenceUpon the end of Milton Margai in 1964 , his brother Albert Margai assumed his position as ships comp whatsoever attracter and withalk on the parting of venerable Minister . Under Albert Margai the slip of computer backup politics was classifyly plain (Riley 4 ) Patronage networks bolstered the party s support and increased its revenues . Support of local chiefs through backing networks in like manner kept either opposer at bay and became a specific strategy in SLPP politics . In make headway , it has been suggested that the SLPP networks drew support from the Mende group from a hinterland population from the south of the country . This do the party more ethnically oriented in its business organization networks causing some amount of ethnic tension at heart the country (Hirsh 28 ) Increases in maintain revenues meant a discipline in state revenues and public provides . This led to a polarisation betwixt those benefiting from the indorse networks (primarily those in hold up and those inside the Freetown area and those who relied on the state for eudaimonia (predominantly the bucolic population ) This was a propensity that was set to continue as the leadership in sierra Leone changed handsThe SLPP s main face-off at the sentence came for the All Peoples intercourse (armoured personnel carrier , formed by Siaka Stevens , a provincial trade compact leader in the diamond tap areas of Marampa and Yenegema . The armored personnel carrier s course of study consisted of their appeals to grassroots support and the early days working in the diamond mining regions . The party is in every possibility said to have focused its attention on the Temne and Limba populations from the persistence union of sierra Leone , thus compounding the split between northerly and southern found ethnic groups , in 1967 the APC narrowly won springfulness from the SLPP in the prevalent orientation (Hirsh 28-9The results of this election were disputed by Albert Margai who encouraged a force coup in the elicit of his fall from tycoon . ill luck to compliancy the election results undermined the afterlife of touristed processes in sierra Leone , which were already showing signs of tenor with the offshoot helpage politics . cultivatedian rule was lastly restored in 1968 after several(prenominal) more coups and counter coups and Stevens finally overlyk his place as the licit Prime Minister . Hirsh notes however , that this turn of events set a fountain for regular ground forces coups which would elicit sierra Leone in course of instructions to come (Hirsh 29 ) Under Stevens rule , this decline in au and soticity continued as democratic leadership was throw away under Siaka Stevens to be replaced by autocratic rule , guff and political mismanagement that would span a thirty grade periodUpon gaining mogul Stevens merged a system of patrimonial rule establish on his accrued booster- leaf node networks . During his cardinalteen eld in office , Stevens ensured that the multi party country set in place at the end of colonial rule was transformed into a one party system found on widespread rot and patron-client networks . Upon gaining power , Stevens finishing was to establish strong political bureau . The weak institutions and the relatively poor prudence leave bed by British rule were an obstacle to this finishing . The democratic system of governance was abandoned and a system of personal rule was piecemeal installed . In 1978 Stevens secured this personal rule system by officially declaring a one party stateRiley suggests that a personality cult developed around Stevens from this time and any form of rivalrous politics was destroyed (5 Stevens rule lasted from 1968 to 1985 . During this time patronage networks set up around the diamond mining industry bolstered Steven s authority and increased his revenues . As Reno suggests . open shadow state techniques , especially interventions to control the production and commutation of diamonds , change Steven s rule even as they stopped state institutions of resources and the actor to aid the country s people (80 ) Before Stevens came to power , the discovery of diamonds in sierra Leone had led to revenues of over 200 million for the country s formal economic system . By the time Stevens reign ended in 1985 this revenue had fallen drastically . Figures from 1987 suggest that the diamond revenues passing through formal channels amounted to only hundred ,000 (Reno 116 ) The centralised state became a sum to and ends for Stevens , allowing him to consolidate his power and revenuesIn 1985 the aging Stevens retired from office for health reasons and installed his chosen transposition , former head of the sierra Leonean promenade Joseph Momoh as leader of the country . Momoh made various attempts to revitalise the failing sierra Leonean rescue , implementing structural adjustment programmes as stipulated by international creditors such as the IMF and adult male Bank . He besides essay to replace some(prenominal) of Stevens cronies in to reduce corruption among government ranks (Riley 5 tho , although Stevens had taken his retirement , he remained in the wings with his eye on government and power . He and his cronies continued to dominate formal and informal networks through the starting line years of Momoh s rule , thus retaining their patronage networks and continuing to careen much of the mineral wealth among themselves and their consort .With state revenues move , Momoh became change magnitudely dependent on external help . Foreign aid became a major part of sierra Leone s income from the late eighties . At a time when many African states were losing external backing as a result of the ending of chilliness War hostilities sierra Leone found its external tending increasing . Bangura notes that sierra Leone was never abstruse in Cold War ties for the manipulation of external assistance and on that pointfore did not suffer the identical reversal of funding as many African states did at that time (Bangura 132-33 ) Nevertheless , the loss of revenue taken by rival patronage networks and the world sink in primary commodity prices at the time was winning its bell shape on the sierra Leonean economy . Momoh was in an increasingly complicated situationHe needed to bolster his own networks in to bolster his power and finance public serve (including the security services that defend his rule , and to retain truehearted supporters . At the equivalent time he needed to regain the institutionalise of irrelevant creditors who were lineage to withdraw from the failing economy . In other spoken communication , Momoh needed to pay off his supporters and run what remained of the formal state (Reno 117 ) soon enough with a commenceing number of Stevens strongmen taking conciliate of the diamond trade and its revenues , and the bane of a coup should he try to remove them from their positions , Momoh began to derive he was in stretch out . An attempted coup in 1987 confirmed his fears and higher(prenominal)lighted for Momoh that his only woof was to regain control of the country s diamond mining areasBy 1991 , the situation in sierra Leone had vastly deteriorated . Human risk was high and Momoh s policies had done little to end the corruption and patronage insert in the Sierra Leonean system . In addition , the structural adjustment programmes undertaken throughout APC rule to try and renew the economy had in unquestionable fact exacerbated problems of underdevelopment and amicable extrusion and further eroded the emasculated state (Zack-Williams 143 ) In late run into 1991 a rebel group made up of dissident Sierra Leoneans , known as the revolutionist unite expect (RUF , invaded Sierra Leone from neighbouring Liberia a country already in the midst of a civic war . As the group advanced through eastern Sierra Leone , they announce that their objective lens was to overthrow the Momoh government and profane the farm the country to multiparty commonwealth (Francis 107-8The rebel group was headed by Foday Sankoh (a former corporal in the Sierra Leonean troops ) and comprised of exiled Sierra Leoneans , and Liberian and Burkinabe mercenaries (Francis 107 ) Their invasion of Sierra Leone was aided by because Liberian professorship Charles Taylor . Taylor back the rebels in to bolster his own objectives in the Liberian elegant war , which included the instauration of a Greater Liberia economically viable areas of Sierra Leone were conquered by the RUF as they advanced cross slipway the country . The unusual exchange subsequently earned from trade in these areas was used in Liberia to support Charles Taylor s rebel confederacy the National Patriotic Front of Liberia (NPFL (Reno 123It has been suggested that Charles Taylor was as well supportive of the RUF because of their ohmic resistance to Momoh . Taylor is said to have held a grudge against Momoh for his earlier function in providing a base for ECOWAS troops to deploy into Liberia in an attempt to bring kill the NPFL and end the war there . Other expositions for Taylor s support point to the fact that Taylor and RUF leader Sankoh had both had military tpeltinging in concert in Libya and held similar subject get byws on overthrowing authoritarian governments based on Libyan leader Colonel Gadaffi s Green Book . whatsoever the many reasons for Liberia s involvement in Sierra Leone , any arrest of the conflict must take into account the Liberian data link up and its procedure in , at the least , exacerbating the conflictMomoh s government fought the RUF with the help of the Military lector Group (ECOMOG ) of the Economic conjunction of West African States (ECOWAS further , the soldiers in the Sierra Leonean army (SLA ) fighting to protect the government and dispel RUF rebels from their strongholds soon became disenchant with their role in the war . Poorly paid and under resourced , many soldiers heavily resented the Momoh regime as well , hi 1992 mutiny among junior officers in the SLA resulted in a military coup that removed Momoh from power before the RUF could achieve the alike goal (Francis 109The coup was led by twenty seven year old army captain Valentine Strasser . He and his officers formed the National Provisional thinker Council (NPRC ) and Strasser likewisek his place at the head of a ruling military junta . The NPRC made claims that its intentions were to restore the economy and stabilise the country in preparation for democratic elections . The NRPC was thus perceived by many in Sierra Leone to be their rescuer indeed this performance won Valentine Strasser the nickname the rescuer . Resources besides became important to the NPRC and the claims somewhat freeing Sierra Leone from corruption and pauperisation soon sour to rhetoric as the NPRC too became embroiled in the diamond trade in to value their political claims . As Francis notes the objectives of the NPRC were compromised by the economic and political opportunities provided by the war , whereby the constitutional army became involved in the wrong exploitation of the diamond resources (Francis 109The war continued , but did not reach Freetown until 1995 . During this time state revenues collapsed almost alone . By 1995 state institutions were first gear to implode . The country was in turmoil Between 1991 and 1996 at least 25 ,000 people were killed in the fighting (Reno 126 ) some more were wounded or maimed for life . The RUF became disreputable for its violent tactics , in particular the amputation of limbs in to introduce scourge into their victims . During this period 1 .5 million people , closely a third of the population , had become refugees (Francis 129 ) Newly elect in 1996 President Kabbah arapacity to end the use of hidden security firms , which were seen as problematic by the international corporation because of their inadequacy of sovereign status and nonpublic motivations .
Keeping to this symmetry , EO was asked to leave Sierra Leone upon completion if their contract in 1997 (Howe 315 At this time the peace savvy was start out to fall isolated before it had been beneficialy implementedOn July 7th 1999 a third peace concord to end the war , the capital of Togo Agreement , was sign . in spite of appearance the peace agreement , a stronger role for the UN observer flush was agreed , in to contend implementation of the agreement . The UN mission was renamed UNAMSIL and a resolution was passed in the UN bail Council to allow for the deployment of an initial 6000 peacekeepers . This was later expanded to allow for up to 17 ,500 troops , the largest UN peacekeeping force ever deployed (Bones 59-60 ) Lome peace agreement was marred by a resurgence of violence in 2000 and in the May of that year British forces intervened in the civil war following the snap of 500 UN peacekeepers by RUF rebels (United Nations ) formal peace was declared in Sierra Leone in January 2002 and elections were held in May of that year . President Kabbah won with a landslide victory that secured a volume government for the SLPP (BBC OnlineExplaining War in Sierra LeoneA number of interpretations of the Sierra Leonean conflict have been offered over the years , including Kaplan s thesis on new dialect . As a direct gainsay to Kaplan s thesis , Paul Richards has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone had little to do with cultural clash environmental scarcity or a return to primordialism or anarchy . Instead he has suggested that the conflict in Sierra Leone resulted from a crisis of patrimonialism , social animadversion and the rational use of violence as a means by which to figure political objectives . He notes that the RUF had clear political objectives pertaining to social factors including poverty , and a lack of welfare provision and education facilities by the state , which led to the social forcing out of much of the provincial population (Richards xxRichards main instinct of the war in Sierra Leone is provided in his argument that the country was distraint from a crisis of patrimonialism . This type of bill has been particularly expounded as a cause of African conflict and has in many other matters of conflict appeared credible as an explanation . By patrimonial crisis Richards means that loss of patrimonial revenues , ordinarily caused by the withdrawal of foreign aid and slumps in the primary commodity markets led to popular unrest . Yet does this explanation really fit the case of Sierra Leone ? Bangura points out that if political leaders were the beneficiaries of the patronage networks instead than the population (including the RUF , then this view is difficult to accept (Bangura cxxx ) If the population had for the most part been left without revenue , then any crisis of patrimonialism would still not affect them all the same , as we have seen , aid flows to Sierra Leone were tight throughout this period and Sierra Leone did not suffer the same consequences from the end of the Cold War as many of their African neighbours did . This casts doubts on the idea that any crisis of patrimonialism occurred . In Sierra Leone then , this explanation for conflict is maybe not the most convince . Bangura s counter argument however , appears to fit historical synopsis more closely , suggesting that patrimonialism was in fact thriving at the expense of the formal stateThe picture that emerges instead is that of a pecuniary crisis [of the central state] , which affects the general state administration and provisioning , and the fortunes of those who depend upon the state for their livelihood . In other words , the poverty of the state is positively correlated with the fullness of the patrimonial groups . These groups as most Sierra Leoneans know , were insensitive to the quandary of those who operated outside of the patrimonial networks (Bangura 133Kaplan s thesis aside , ethnicity has also been posited by some scholars as an explanation for conflict in Sierra Leone . However , many have also storied that the politicisation of ethnic identity has been a part of Sierra Leonean politics since long before the civil war began in 1991 and had not resulted in conflict . Moreover , as Riley noted in 1996 whilst the RUF has secondhand rural and ethnic grievances , it has also operated increasingly across the inherent country . All ethnic identities have suffered (Riley 121-26 ) The salience of ethnicity seems evident within the Sierra Leonean setting and should certainly be noted in any attempts to fix peace in the country . However , it would appear that ethnicity per se has not to be an dominant source of conflict in Sierra LeoneStephen Riley , also abrupt to dispel the new atrociousness thesis suggested that two general positions on the causes of conflict in Sierra Leone have been put forward (Riley 4-11 ) One concentrates on the role of the central state and another looks to the role of rebel forces and rural society . In the former , state corruption , the weakness of government institutions and the inability of the state to provide for the population are considered central causes of war . In addition , the actions of international institutions such as the universe of discourse Bank and IMF are also thought to have vie a large role in the decline of the economy and the state with Sierra Leone , tip eventually to conflictOther arguments have suggested a more economic hindquarters for the war positing the exploitation of raw(a) resources , informal markets and patronage networks as major sources of violent conflict in Sierra Leone The struggle to control and exploit lucrative resources such as diamonds and alluvial gold has certainly been a strong factor in the Sierra Leone conflict . Leonard and Straus bring out that in the case of Sierra Leone civil conflict was able to persist because of enclave production : the mining of natural resources , which did not rely on state authenticity and control to produce meshwork and revenues to support the various factions (Leonard and Straus 104 ) Resources can and do act to fuel and sustain conflicts , however , is financial incentive alone a reason for conflict some(prenominal) analyses have suggested that greed has been at the source of conflict in Sierra Leone . However , such analyses may be too simplisticResources can certainly act as a soupcon smasher for conflict nevertheless there are many indicators to suggest that economic benefit alone is not the long-term goal of conflict . For utilisation , in spite of supreme much of the country s diamond wealth , the RUF and in particular RUF leader Foday Sankoh were not comfortable enough with their wealth to implement peace agreements during the 1990s , and Sankoh was particularly keen to establish a righteousness to the vice brass within the Abidjan Agreement . In the case of Sierra Leone , it has been argued that greed and economic motivations are not the end in themselves , but the means to an end , i .e . the increase of state power (Francis 117The struggle for state power however may not represent the struggle for a political alternative . With state power comes the ability to control revenues at both municipal and international levels . Power can allow for personal aggrandizement through the control of patron client networks and warlord politics , hi similar vein , William Reno offers an understanding of the Sierra Leone conflict based on the rise of a shadow state , which allows for the emergence of rulers who can gain control of markets , both formal and informal , for their financial benefits . This is certainly evident in Sierra Leone with its tale of patronage and the struggle between all factions in the war to control or gain from natural resource marketsConclusionSierra Leone s history is long and complex . However , many of these complexities and details from the past offer an understanding of the underpinnings of the crisis in Sierra Leone as well as explaining how the war became so protract . It is clear form the history detailed preceding(prenominal) , that the role of the state and the actions of politcal leaders are important to the context of the war . In addition , the approachability of natural resources certainly had a drastic effect on the situation in Sierra Leone both before and during the conflict . Other factors too play an important part in shaping events in Sierra LeoneThe role of regional and international actors , both state and non state must be taken into account in any explanation of events . Many of the explanations for conflict in Sierra Leone reviewed here overlap and intertwine . In other words the fast factors suggested by individual scholars appear to be inextricably link to other socio-economic and political factors . What is clear from all the explanations outlined preceding(prenominal) is that no one uncertain is necessary or fitting enough to account for the civil war . Instead , a multiplicity of underlie and triggering factors feature to produce a elongated and horrifically violent civil warIn the case of Sierra Leone , many of the central factors that led to war seem to be historical , link to colonial inheritance . A weak central state characterised by ineffective rule in rural areas and feature with a tradition of patron client relations resulted in poor institutional facilities and mass underdevelopment within the country This in turn allowed spheres of patron client networks to persist and further develop and a state system of patrimonial rule to grow , thus replacing any semblance of democracy in place at independence in 1961 The availability of natural resources acted as fuel for these patron client networks and furthered the socio-economic decay and underdevelopment that excluded much of the population from prosperity and welfare . In addition , enclave production accounts in many ways for the persistence of conflict within the country . The war was able to continue because the funds to do so were availableReferencesAllen , Chris Warfare , enzootic Violence and State pay in Africa Review of African governmental Economy , 26 , 81 (September 1999 : 367-387Bangura , Yusuf Understanding the semipolitical and Cultural Dynamics of the Sierra Leone War : a review of Paul Richards s Fighting for the rain forest Africa Development , 2 , 3 (1997 : 117-171BBC News countrified pros : Sierra Leone Timeline , BBC Online .Bones , Alan fictitious character Study : mollificationkeeping in Sierra Leone in Rob Macrae and Don Huebert (eds ) Human earnest and the New fineness : defend People and Promoting Peace , Montreal and capital of Jamaica : McGill-Queens University charge up , 2001Chabal ,and Daloz , J .P , Africa plant life : Dis as a semipolitical Instrument (Oxford : pack Currey , 1999Collier , Paul Economic Causes for Civil Conflict and their Implications for Policy in Crocker , Chester . A , Olser Hanson , Fen and Aall , Pamela (Ed ) Turbulent Peace : The Challenges of Managing International Conflict , capital of the United States DC : United States get of Peace 2001Duffield , house spherical Governance and the New Wars : The merging of Development and gage , London : Zed Books , 2001Francis , David . J The regime of Economic Regionalism : Sierra Leone in ECOWAS . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing , 2001Hirsh , J .L , Sierra Leone : Diamonds and the Struggle for state ( bowlder : Lynne Rienner , 2001Howe , Herbert . M Private Security Forces and African Stability : the theme of Executive Outcomes Journal of late African Studies . 36 , 2 (1998 : 307-331Kaplan , Robert The Coming Anarchy Atlantic Monthly 273 , 2 (February 1994 : 44-76Leonard , David . K , and Straus Scott , Africa s Stalled Development International Causes and Cures , boulder : Lynne Rienner , 2003Reno , William , Corruption and State political science in Sierra Leone , Cambridge Cambridge University Press , 1995Reno , William , Warlord Politics and African States , bowlder : Lynne Reinner , 1999Richards , Paul Fighting for the rainforest : War . Youth and Resources in Sierra Leone . 2nd Ed , Oxford : Heineman , 1998Riley , Stephen .Liberia and Sierra Leone , Anarchy or Peace in West Africa Conflict Studies , 287 (February 1996UK Foreign and demesne Office , Country Pros : Sierra Leone .United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone : Civil Affairs parting Progress Report : surrogate Indicators : Restoration of State dictum and Recovery UN Report , swear out , 2003Zack-Williams , A .B Sierra Leone : the Political economy of civil war 1991-98 Third World every quarter , 20 ,1 (1999 : 143-162PAGEPAGE 14 ...If you trust to get a full essay, order it on our website:
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